Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine has 62 ratings and 3 reviews. Bonnie Steinbock, Be the first to ask a question about Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine. – : Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine: Contemporary Readings in Bioethics: Steinbock, B:: Books. Get this from a library! Ethical issues in modern medicine: contemporary readings in bioethics. Bonnie Steinbock; John D Arras; Alex John London; — This.Author:Mikatilar SharaCountry:MyanmarLanguage:English (Spanish)Genre:AutomotivePublished (Last):25 April 2009Pages:38PDF File Size:7.5 MbePub File Size:9.73 MbISBN:494-5-34445-684-5Downloads:55994Price:Free.Free Regsitration RequiredUploader:Emanuel and Linda L.

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Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., Center for Ethics, Medicine, and Public Issues, Baylor. Assumption of modern medical practice is that suffering is “an eliminable expe. Medical qualifying exams, the degree programs combining medicine with one. And his new collaborator, Bonnie Steinbock, make more modest claims and af.

It is very imformative and gives you new perspectives on lots of ideas and concepts that efhical may have never thought about. English Choose a language for shopping.

Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. Table of Contents: Ethical issues in modern medicine:There was a problem filtering reviews right now. William Lawrence rated it liked it Jul 18, Description This comprehensive anthology represents the key issues and problems in the field of medical ethics through the most up-to-date readings and case studies available. A new Part Seven entitled “Emerging Technologies and Perennial Issues,” moern explores the issues of behavioral genetics and human enhancements.Pages with related products. Thanks etical telling us about the problem. Emerging Technologies and Perennial Issues Sect.

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This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Ethical Issues In Modern Medicine: Bonnie Steinbock:Excellent resource for bioethical information and case studies. Elizabeth rated it liked it Dec 02, To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.Victoria rated it really liked it Jun 16, Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine: Stories From the Shadows: Becca rated it liked it Dec 16, Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine: Emerging Technologies Section 2: Sells and Nicholas L.Contemporary Readings moern Bioethics, Eighth Edition, is a comprehensive, state-of-the-art anthology that covers both traditional and emerging issues in the field of biomedical ethics with engaging case studies and reflective papers written by leading scholars. Emerging Technologies and Perennial Issues Section 1: We use cookies to give you the best possible experience. Refresh and try again. Contemporary Readings in Bioethics Paperback. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions x x 34mm 1, Amazon Music Stream millions of songs.

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McGraw-Hill Connect is a subscription-based learning service accessible online through your personal computer or tablet.Obligations to the Not-Yet-Born Section 3: Moral Reasoning in the Medical Context Pt. Curtis rated it liked modren Aug 12, McGraw-Hill; 7th edition January 25, Language: Rothman and Sheila M.

Battin Is There a Duty to Die? I like that it shows all ethical views. I found many of the essays included in this collection to to void of any actual concrete evidence and based more upon personal opinion. The option to purchase for a small fee a print version of the book. Justice, Health, and Health Care Section 2: If, however, you are interested in this subject – by all means – read away!

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The answers to theissueslisted below aren't easily deduced from any type of philosophy that Iknowof–maybea few, but not all. To assume that a grand unified philosophical theorycan address all these issues adequately may be a form of reductionisticthinking. Some of the easier problems(in my mind) involve the more individual issues.

One application ofthese issues is as a way to assess the effectiveness of a philosophicalsystem ortheory of consciousness-raising. Can the ideas advocated in that systemguide or help us in addressing the the problems posed?

Ethics involves the sphereof interpersonal, group, and community politics at the level ofvalues–notjust what can be achieved or how to achieve it, but more what shouldbesought, in the realm of social harmony and fairness. It is thecomplexityof the other side of individualism– other than taking care of oneself,what do we want our collective to do or refrain from doing? Ethicslooks at our proper relations, our duties to each other, indviduallyand collectively.

In the past, ethics–andagood deal of civil law, in addition–was mixed with the requirements ofreligious ritual and the establishment of the details of the priestlycaste.There was no other law back then, around the time of Moses, at leastforthe wandering Israelites, and when the alleged basic rules were laiddownin the Torah, the first five books of the Bible. In most othercountries,the law wasn't codified, and although there were traditions, the kingwasthe boss and he could be pretty capricious. (The code of Hammurabi,around1700 BC in the area near Babylon, was a bit of an exception, as far aswe know.)

It took a while toestablisha civil government with some semblance of consistent law, and therevisionsof the code re-established this effort. Such efforts also were inreactionto the growing problems of trade, the establishments of smallsub-culturalcommunities within larger communities, and inter-cultural mixing, whichthen required laws that applied to all sub-cultures within a greaterempire.(Before that, each minority or mini-nation or tribe was allowed toapplyits own traditional rules of justice–as long as they paid their taxes,sent their military levies, and didn't make trouble, they were leftprettymuch alone.)

The ascendency of theChurchin the West and of a theocratic legal system in the Islamic Empirestendedto re-establish a more theocratic process, but once again this hasbrokendown in most countries of the West and many in the Middle East, so thatcivil questions are distinguished from religious ones. This preamble isbeing presented because there's still a sense that our ethical rulesareif not explicitly described in the Bible, they are implicit there, andcan be applied to all modern issues.

The Jews actually triedtodo this, and the Talmudic tradition was a result, an interpretativetraditionthat laid the groundwork for some of the later traditions of rationalargumentationfound in our judicial systems. But the problem is this: Newcircumstancesand technologies really create new problems. Should we rationally tieourethics to these traditional sources and precedents, especially whentheyarose out of cultures that may be becoming minority cultures in ourpresentsociety? (i.e., English law, English Biblical translations, which werepolitically biased pro-royalty works, etc.)

Beginning perhaps withthe Magna Carta and flowering in the 18th century, the idea of 'rights'emerged. The problem is that these were perceived as existing a priori, 0ut there, so to speak,objectively. Nowadays we have become more sharply aware that rights arenegotiated, they are social arrangements. As increasing groups ofpeoples--including, lately, the 'unborn,' and now, even animals, areviewed as having 'rights,' ethics has expanded to explore who shouldhave which rights? Is health care a 'right,' and if so, are weobligated to collectively offer it, or should it be something peoplehave to purchase (at some significant expense) from privately-ownedcorporations?

Thus, we are chargedwith a goodly number of 'hot potatoes,' stickyandpressing ethical problems, social issues, that are more often than notavoided, at least as topics of ongoing rational social discussion.Thereare positions taken, of course, and challenges to these positions, but,alas, rarely is there really rational discourse. So it is worth whiletostand back and consider what these issues are in contemporaryculture. The following are presented in no particular order–I haven't been ableto think of a way of classifying them or attributing any sort of rankorhierarchy. The numbering, then, is just for the convenience ofreferringto them later in the paper.

Contemporary EthicalIssues

1. Welfare and charity.Welfare is organized charity, funneled through the collective, thegovernment.But it raises many issues. How should we help others who are lessfortunate?Can we differentiate between the 'deserving poor' and the 'undeserving'poor? Here are some associated questions.
A. Howresponsiblecan people be? To what extent can we require that people 'pullthemselvesup by their own bootstraps.' If a college student is raised in aneighborhoodwhere study is not fashionable, and they didn't study, to what extentarewe obligated to provide 'remedial' training in college?

B. What ifsome folks are disabled, to what extent are we obligated–or would wechooseto be obligated if we were fully enlightened–to help these people. The'how much' issue is tricky, because new technologies make increasinglevelsof aid exponentially more expensive.

C. What if ateenagerhas been raised in an area that is judged to be significantlyculturally,economically, or technically 'behind'–to what degree should we choosetocompassionately support these people? Again, the themes would beremedial education.

D. What aboutthose whose disabilities make them mentally unable to do more thanfairlysimple and routine tasks? In our culture, merit is associated withintelligence.What levels of subsidy should be given? What about the in-betweencategories, which represents an expanding sector of the population:Folksnot that smart, not smart enough to get 'good' jobs, but smart enoughtolive independently and have full and dramatic lives.

E. What aboutpeoplewho say they can't work? They're too burdened with kids–how much shouldthis role of mothering be challenged? (This of course is a livelysocio-politicalissue in the legal system right now.)

F. Regarding thebroader topic of welfare: General issues of responsibility are raised.When is helping someone really helping them, and when is it rescuingthemand enabling their own self-defeating behavioral patterns. Can beggarsbe choosers? Are any 'rights' implicitly forefeited by someone whoreceivescharity? (This varies in different cultures!)
For example, if offeredwork, is the person who is given welfare obligated to accept that job,even if they don't like that work? What if the decision as to a jobbeingnot acceptable is viewed as trivial or unworthy by others?

G. What then arepeopleentitled to as a basic support of society? Can these entitlements benegotiated?

H. Do we havespecialobligations to veterans, the elderly, children, women, any minorities,any types of disability or 'differently-abled' people?

I. When doessupportfor certain occupational groups, tariffs for workers in certainindustries,subsidies for certain farmers, – when are these matters of social-ethicalpolicy and when are they merely matters of community economicself-interest.
(1) Do we owepeople jobs? To what extent do we collectively need to extend ourselvesto sustain lines of work that are economically uncompetitive?
(2) As tobacco isbecoming viewed as less of a socially beneficial substance, whatobligationsdo we have to tobacco farmers?

J. What about ourobligations to help people in other countries? There's national andinternationalcharity, but is Government aid an ethical obligation?
(1)Whatabout 'strings attached'? Can we demand political, human rights,ethicalgovernmental policy, enforcement of human rights, etc. before we giveaid?
(2). Whatrightsdo we have on criticizing the ethics and priorities of peoples in othercultures?
K. Should those who have been 'dis-advantaged' because of pastinjustices, colonialist policies, slavery, etc., be givenreparations?--or their descendents given reparations? What kinds?

2. AddictiveSubstances–Alcohol,drugs, tobacco..

A. Should weconsider addiction a 'disease'? What does that mean in terms of theroleof the alcoholic or other drug abuser?
(1) Should we collectively pay for drug treatment?
(2) If they enter rehab and relapse, should they be taken back? Howmanytimes?
(3) How much should addiction be considered a mitigating circumstancefromsome associated misbehavior or crime?

3. Abortion:Shouldabortion be allowed? Is this a religious or a legal issue?
A. What aboutif the life of the mother is endangered?
B. What ifthe fetus is found to be anencephalic –no functioning brain–
Or if it has some other either catastrophic congenital defect?
Is Down's Syndrome–moderate retardation–grounds for an abortion?
C. How latecan an abortion be performed? 3 months? 5 months? 7 months?
D. How earlycan an abortion be performed?
Is the 'morning-after pill?' an abortion? (I.e. before the embryo hasimplantedinto the uterus)
E.Shouldthe community regulate contraception or is this for the individual todecide?

4. Suicide: Howshouldthe community relate to the problem of suicide? Should there be anylegalconstraintsat all?

A.Mightit be allowed only to stop the suffering of the terminally ill?

B. What aboutpeoplewhose illnesses deprive life of its meaning–not terminal, but severelyhandicapped, or dying over years, but not immediately terminal. Shouldthey be allowed to kill themselves?

C. What about thosewho can't do it themselves? Should assisted suicide be allowed?

D. What about thosewho can't even decide? Should euthanasia be allowed in anycircumstances?
(1) What about those who have failed to leave an advanced directive: Ifthey are left in a vegetative state after an accident, stroke, etc.,whenis it okay to 'pull the plug?'
(2).Should a consideration of the legal device of advanced directives bemadea compulsory unit–you don't have to sign it, but you do have to discusswhy you won't–for people at age 80? 60? 30? In college?

5. Parenthood:Isthere a 'right' to parenthood? Should we support anyone who wants to bea parent in this activity? What if they are thought to be'unfit'?What makes a person 'unfit' as a parent? (This is related to the nexttopicof abuse.) How much attention does a child really need? How nicemust the housing be? The neighborhood? What if a parent cannot protecta child from the bullying of other children?

A. Under whatcircumstances,if a parent has 'lost' the right to parent for a while, should thatrightbe re-instated? When should it not be?

B. What aboutconditionsfor adopting babies?
(1) Isit okay for gay or lesbian partners to adopt a child?
(2)Whatabout adopting a child of a different race? Or religion?
(3) Ifthe child is in permanent foster care because the parent has lostrights,can that parent nevertheless protest against the parents who wouldadoptthat child on the basis of religion or some other ethnic criterion?

6. Animal RightsWhatrights should animals have? Our sensitivity to other peoples,minorities,etc. continue to expand. We're less tolerant of rank cruelty. Whataboutintermediate conditions, excessive constraints in raising livestock,forinstance? Animal laboratory testing?
A.Supervisionand regulation of animal farms, e.g., dog-raising kennels.

7. Heroic Medicine:How 'sacred' is life itself? How heroic are we obligated to be innear-terminalconditions?
A. Howmuch money should be spent to attempt to keep alive a 2 month-prematureinfant? A 3-month premature infant? The limits of viability graduallyarepushed down along with an exponential increase in cost and resources.Justbecause science can do something, it raises the question whether itshouldbe done.

B.Shouldwe begin to consider rationing health care for the very old, those withsenility? Again, a disproportionate amount of money is being spent fornear-heroic procedures for those whose prognosis is guarded.

C. What aboutliver transplants for alcoholics, drug abusers with Hepatitis C, etc?
Expensive AIDS treatment for those whose lives were reckless?
Lung transplants or other heroic treatments for inveterate smokers?
Rehab, surgery, etc. for victims of reckless driving and motorcyclingwithouthelmets?
Orshouldhealth care attempt to be blind and non-judgmental as to the source ofillness (All this is related to item 1-Band 4-C.)

D. Should wedifferentiatebetween mild and severe disability in considering the allocation ofcostsof help? Differences between prognosis–how likely that help willyield substantial changes in function?

E. Do we needto re-negotiate our standards in times of significant economicconstraints,recession, economic depression?

8. Safety Standards:What standards of safety do we wish to set? Is there a 'right' to beprotectedeven from our own foolishness?
A. Shouldgovernmentget out of the business of telling people what substances they can orcannot put into their bodies? (A strict 'libertarian' stance.)
(1) Isthere a moral difference between 'legalization' and'de-criminalization'?
(2) Arethere ethical or philosophical issues in drawing distinctions among theharm potential of alcohol, tobacco (in different forms), cocaine,amphetamines,caffeine, marijuana, LSD, heroin, other opiates (e.g. Oxycontin),sedatives,ecstasy (MDMA), etc.?
(3)Whatabout the whole field of restricting drugs or medicines to 'doctor's'prescriptions?
(a) what are the economic advantages of making all drugsover-the-counter?

B. How much shouldwe regulate different types of foods and drugs? Should many of thealternativeand herbal medicines that slip through the technical net of FDArequirementsbe brought under that process? Or should we return to a 'buyerbeware'type of ethos?

C. What aboutliabilityfor accidents? Are some lawsuits becoming excessively lenient towardspeopledoing dumb things, like getting drunk and laying down on the railroadtracks?

D. How much'purity'can we afford in air pollution, ground pollution, water pollution, orfoodpollution standards? (There are some carcinogens in foods naturallythatare present in far greater concentration than some so-calledcarcinogensfrom other 'artificial' sources, but these latter must be reduced toalmostimpossibly low levels.

9. Environmentalism.What obligations do we have to the environment?
A. To whatextent must we go to preserve species of animals or plants?

B. How muchintervention in foreign affairs is ethical in the service of 'saving'forests,whales, various other ecological systems?

10. GovernmentalCorruption:Should corruption in politics be dealt with more severely? What kindsofethical standards are appropriate for those in greater power, ingovernmentor business?

11. RehabilitationofCriminals: What kinds of efforts should we make to rehabilitateprisoners?
A. Is therean obligation to differentiate between violent and nonviolent crimes?

B. Regarding'cruel and unusual punishments,' what rights should prisoners have?
(1) should there be protection against homosexual rape?
(2) to what degree should criminals be supported in the right to appeal?
(What if they are in fact innocent?)

C. Is there a moraljustification for capital punishment, also known as institutionalmurder?
(1) What degrees of defense and protection should there be to make surethe innocent are not executed?
(2) Would some punishments, such as flogging, be less destructive andexpensivein the long run and more deterrent?

D. What kindsof moral obligations do we have not to release people on parole whohaveshown themselves to be fully rehabilitated? Or to release people whohavenot shown a continuing threat to society?
(1) How many chances should people be given for various problematicbehaviors?
E. What aboutobligations for restitution to the victims of crime?

12. SupportingBusinesses:Do people have an obligation to collectively ensure that others besupportedif the economy shifts?

(A) What if people who go bankrupt have been foolish or high-handed,fraudulentor ethically lax, even though they've been legally just within the law.Should distinctions be drawn as to degrees of 'fault'? (After all, theyare in effect getting debt relief from hundreds or thousands of people,many of whom may not be able to afford that loss!)

(B)Whatabout farmers who move into a region with marginal resources forsupportingthose farms, or others who set up a business in an area with alreadytoomuch competition. How much unemployment should be given?

(C)Whatabout workman's compensation? Are there limits? (See questions abouttortreform)

13. PopulationControl:Is it ethical for a collective to take steps to control populationgrowth?
A. China's policies regarding having second children.

B. Pushing contraception even to people who don't believe in itreligiously.

C. Do some religious groups–not just the Roman Catholics–who refuse toconsider any artificial contraception approaches–need to be pressuredtore-consider their policies? (It's hardly even spoken about anymore inthisculture of tolerance.)

14. Is medical carea'right'? What is the moral problem of demanding medical care forall?What would the cost be?
(A). What kinds of mental health care, psychotherapy, is appropriateforcoverage by the collective, and what kinds are not appropriate?
(B) What about substance abuse treatment?

15. Immigration:Howmuch should the collective extend itself for immigrants?
A. Should we have bilingual education?
B. What levels of immigration shouldthe better-off countries permit, and what restrictions are permissible?

16. Support for theGifted:What obligations should the collective take on to foster talent, thegifted?

17. Homosexuality:What should be the status of gays and lesbians? Are they immoral?
A. Parenting rights: See..

B. Should their economic considerations, rights of inheritance, righttobe named closest of kin, etc., be respected?

C. Should tolerance of homosexuals be taught in school along withteachingother types of cultural diversity?

D. What about bisexuals, trans-genderedfolks,etc.?

18. Affirmativeaction:Should extra weight be given anyone because of that person's belongingto a group that has been considered 'disadvantaged.' Should there beanycommunal or governmental policies that 'level the playing field'?

19. Freedom ofspeech:What are its proper boundaries? Should it extend to includepornography?To what degree? Now that the internet is available, what kinds ofcensorshipis permissible?

20. Smokers' rights:Should we recognize such a concept? What about non-smokers'rights?

21. Gambling:Shouldthere be any restriction of gambling? Is it a form of freedom, or aninvitationto addiction?

22. Prostitution:What about legalizing or regulating prostitution? Is it always adegradationof women, a form of subtle oppression? What if some women who claim toenjoy this way of making a lot of money are not deceiving themselves?
A. If it isn't a problem for consenting partners, is it a moral orethicalissue?

23. Privacy Rights:Are the rights to privacy diminished by the demand for drug testing forvarious schools, jobs, etc.?
A. Should the type of employment have to justify its reason fordemandingdrug testing? Why couldn't a person use drugs on their days off?
B. What about medical privacy in a worldof managed care?

24. AIDS &VenerealDisease: Now that one venereal disease is both deadly andun-treatable,should our policies and ethics about 'free sex' be changed?
A. Is there any place for governmental intrusion or laws, say, to makesure that all people who test positive can be interviewed and theircontactsalso notified?
(1) Is it a moral obligation to inform contacts.
What about for herpes or other venereal disease?

25. Tort Reform:Nowthat liability insurance is beginning to cripple health care deliveryandinterfere with other industries, we need to look at the fairness issuesinvolved in civil liability suits and 'tort reform.' Should there belimitations,caps? Is there any way to suppress 'nuisance' litigation without alsolimitingthe rights of people who are disadvantaged?

26. Exclusive'Clubs':When are free organizations, clubs, fraternities, etc., against thecommoninterest, unduly privileging certain groups, enabling of prejudice, etc?
A. Arethere any contexts where limiting participation by members of theoppositesex is appropriate?
B.Shouldschools with co-ed dorms also make sure they have non-co-ed dorms forthosewho don't want to be exposed to the pressures on modesty in co-edliving?

27. Age Limits:Whatshould be the proper age limits for driving, drinking, smoking, voting,going into the military, getting married without a parent's consent,havingan abortion without a parent's consent, and other age-limitations.
A. Should there be any routine age limitations on the older ageside? For which roles or skills?

28. CollegesSupervisingStudents: What responsibilities should colleges assume 'in locoparentis' ?

29. Grade Inflation:What is the obligation of the teacher, administrators, and generalsociety(parents, media) to fight against pressures for grade inflation?
A. Are there circumstances in which a child who has failed to performshouldbe flunked, retained, not passed along? When?
B. Should kids be passed in the service of self-esteem? Other reasons?
C. At what ages should these policies be looser or tighter?
D. Is expulsion ever justified? Where should the child go?
What responsibility does the community school system take for severelyobstreperous kids?
E. What pressures are appropriate to demand psychological evaluation ofnot only a child, but also of the family? Is this intruding on thefreedomof parents to raise their kids as strictly or permissively as they wish?
F. When is discipline abuse?

30. LanguageDialect andAccent: Is it all right to discriminate among people because ofdialect,when that mode of speech may not be understood by a significant portionof the community?
A. Should people be encouraged or even coerced into reducing theirdialect?
B. Or should dialects be granted equal status?
What aboutjobs or roles in which being understood clearly is an important rolecomponent, such as in offering tech support by phone, or otherservice-related dealing-with-people roles?

31. Privacy:Whatare the appropriate limits of privacy? Is it unethical to break aconfidence if the behavior that is known involves something reallydestructiveto the person or others–e.g., suicide or murder?
A. What about self-mutilation, cutting; or driving while intoxicated?
B. Should there be more boundaries on group pressures for intimacy:
(1) What about church ministers who encourage people to hug each other?
(2) In groups, being encouraged to disclose more about one's life thanis comfortable. (This could apply to this class, too– so check it out.)
C. Recent moves toward a standardor pooled electronic health records opens them to hackers and insuranceadministrators who then can use this information to deny health carecoverage to the people. Claims that these records can be madesecure are of dubious validity, even if they are naively sincere.

32. InternationalObligations:Are wealthier nations obliged to help other nations or governments, notjust with humanitarian aid, but with military aid, or even more, are weobliged to intervene if those governments institute or enable orcondonemassive human rights abuses?
A. What if the governments collapse in civil war? Or become chaotic andineffective? Or allow or encourage genocide ('ethnic cleansing')?
(Some have advocated a return to colonialism as being more ethical andbenign than our self-righteous claims to non-interference in theserviceof promoting democracy)

33. Degrees ofWealth:Should a distinction be made between those who earn moderately morethanthe average and those whose income is hundreds or thousands of timesgreaterthan those who earn a minimum wage? Should there be a steeply graduatedincome tax or inheritance tax so as to reduce this discrepancy?

A.Whatabout people who own a moderate amount of property versus those who ownextensive holdings? Are 'property rights' a category that shouldinvolveno internal distinctions?

References:

Isbister, J. (2001). Capitalism & Justice: Envisioning socialandeconomic fairness. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian.
For responses, email meat adam@blatner.com